CSE
Professional LevelSub-Professional Level
Practice Exams

Peace and Human Rights Reviewer (Professional)

Reviewer's Note: Understand the difference between "Negative Peace" (no war) and "Positive Peace" (justice/equality). The UDHR was adopted in 1948 - remember this date!

This section covers the fundamental rights of every human being and the concepts of maintaining a peaceful society.

Sa madaling salita: Ito ay tungkol sa ating mga karapatan bilang tao at kung paano makakamit ang tunay na kapayapaan sa lipunan.

1. Human Rights (Karapatang Pantao)

Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person from birth until death.

  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): Adopted by the United Nations in 1948. (Nabuo noong 1948 bilang gabay sa buong mundo.)
  • Characteristics of Human Rights:
    • Universal: Belong to everyone. (Para sa lahat.)
    • Inalienable: Cannot be taken away. (Hindi pwedeng bawiin.)
    • Indivisible/Interdependent: All rights are equal and linked. (Magkakaugnay lahat ng karapatan.)
    • Equal and non-discriminatory: Dapat pare-pareho ang paggalang sa karapatan ng bawat tao.

Core Human Rights Ideas

  • Rights are not a privilege.
  • Rights come with responsibilities.
  • Rights protect dignity, safety, and participation in society.

2. Types of Rights

  1. Civil and Political Rights: Right to life, free speech, and the right to vote. (Karapatang mabuhay at bumoto.)
  2. Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights: Right to work, education, and health. (Karapatang mag-aral at magtrabaho.)
  3. Collective Rights: Right to a healthy environment and peace. (Karapatan ng grupo/lipunan.)

Examples To Recall

  • Civil rights: due process, privacy, equal protection
  • Political rights: vote, run for office, participate in public affairs
  • Economic rights: fair work conditions and livelihood
  • Social rights: education and health services
  • Cultural rights: identity, language, and community traditions

3. Philippine Commission on Human Rights (CHR)

The CHR is an independent constitutional office created to protect and promote human rights in the Philippines.

  • Mandate: Protect and promote human rights, prevent abuses, and monitor government compliance with human rights obligations.
  • Exam tip: The CHR is not a court. It investigates and recommends, but it does not function like a regular trial court.

4. Concepts of Peace

  • Negative Peace: The absence of direct violence or war. (Walang gulo o labanan, pero baka may api pa rin.)
  • Positive Peace: The presence of social justice and absence of poverty/inequality. (May hustisya at pantay-pantay ang lahat. Ito ang tunay na kapayapaan.)
  • Conflict Resolution: Methods like mediation used to settle disputes. (Paraan ng pag-aayos ng away nang mahinahon.)

Peacebuilding Tools

  • Dialogue
  • Mediation
  • Negotiation
  • Community cooperation
  • Respect for human dignity

Fast Comparison

Concept Meaning
Negative peace No direct war or violence
Positive peace Justice, equality, and stability
Human rights Basic freedoms of every person
Human dignity Worth and respect due to every person

Practice Questions

  1. In what year was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted?

    • A. 1945
    • B. 1948
    • C. 1950
    • D. 1987
    • Answer: B.
    • Rationale: Tandaan ang taong 1948 matapos ang World War II.

  2. Which characteristic means human rights cannot be taken away?

    • A. Universal
    • B. Inalienable
    • C. Indivisible
    • D. Temporary
    • Answer: B.
    • Rationale: Ang "Inalienable" ay ibig sabihin ay hindi maiaalis sa iyo dahil ito ay bahagi ng pagiging tao mo.

  3. What is "Positive Peace"?

    • A. Absence of war
    • B. Presence of social justice
    • C. Winning a battle
    • D. Total silence
    • Answer: B.
    • Rationale: Hindi sapat na walang barilan (negative peace); dapat may hustisya para matawag na "Positive Peace".

  4. Which institution protects and promotes human rights in the Philippines?

    • A. COA
    • B. CHR
    • C. CSC
    • D. DOJ
    • Answer: B (CHR).
    • Rationale: CHR ang may mandato sa human rights.

  5. Which best describes negative peace?

    • A. Equal wages
    • B. No direct violence
    • C. Strong economy
    • D. Universal education
    • Answer: B.
    • Rationale: Kapag walang gulo, pero hindi automatic na may hustisya na.

Remember: Respect for human rights is the foundation of a free and just society. (Ang paggalang sa karapatan ang pundasyon ng katarungan.)